The University of Illinois at Chicago or UIC is a state-funded public research-intensive. UIC's philosophy program has repeatedly ranked in the top 40 philosophy. School of Architecture - University of Illinois at Chicago in Chicago, ILSchool of Architecture. South Morgan Street Chicago, IL 6. United States. Dr. Robert Somol. Phone: 3. Email: somol@uic. Stephanie Niebuhr.
Phone: 3. 12- 9. 96- 3. The Graduate Study at UIC section outlines admissions. The Degree Programs section lists all graduate and professional degree programs and certificate programs available at UIC. It also provides a list of program updates.
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There is an excellent ethnographic museum in Porto-Novo, a historical museum in Ouidah, and the Open-Air Museum of Ethnography and Natural. Overview The term has its origin in the Ancient Greek word . Didactic art was meant both to entertain and to instruct. Didactic plays, for instance. This Student Activities Manual provides a variety of activities designed for reinforcement of what is in the Student Text, enrichment (requiring the student to go beyond the textbook), and review in preparation for the chapter tests. Activity types include first-person. Dahomey. In the north, the largest group was the Bariba, the most important state being the kingdom of Nikki, which formed part of a confederacy including other Bariba states located in what is today Nigeria. The Somba, in the northwest, did not form a kingdom. Graduates of this program are awarded with a North American Montessori Center Teaching Diploma for Lower Elementary. 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This raises the possibility of addressing climate change while. Geography (GRY) courses GRY 100 World Regional Geography General Education Course (Focus on Cultural Competence). An examination of the world's geographic regions focusing on the location of Earth's major physical features, human populations and. The kingdom of Dahomey. Dahomey (also called Abomey, after its capital city) was the state of the Fon people. It was originally a dependency of Allada, but during the 1. Wegbaja declared himself king and made Dahomey an independent state. Under King Agaja (reigned 1. Dahomey overran the coastal area, conquering Allada in 1. Ouidah in 1. 72. 7, thus establishing itself as the dominant power in the area. A section of the royal family of Allada, however, founded the new kingdom of Porto- Novo, on the coast to the east, which successfully resisted Dahomean authority and competed with Ouidah for control of the Atlantic trade. Dahomey itself was attacked and defeated by the kingdom of Oyo, to the northeast (in modern Nigeria), to which it was obliged to pay tribute from 1. Dahomey attained the height of its power under the kings Gezo (1. Gl. Gezo liberated Dahomey from its subjection to Oyo by defeating the latter in 1. Dahomean attempts at expansion eastward, however, brought it up against the powerful state of Abeokuta (also in Nigeria). Dahomean attacks upon Abeokuta in 1. Dahomey was a despotic and militaristic kingdom. Its power was based upon a highly trained standing army, which included a female contingent (called the “Amazons” by Europeans) drawn from the king’s wives. The king’s authority was buttressed by an elaborate cult of the deceased kings of the dynasty, who were honoured by the offering of human sacrifices at yearly public ceremonies (the “annual customs”). Its rulers succeeded in uniting the disparate communities which they absorbed into a new national identity, so that the conquered subjects of Dahomey came to regard themselves as Fon. During the 1. 8th and early 1. Dahomey was a major supplier of slaves for the transatlantic trade, but by the mid- 1. In 1. 85. 2 King Gezo was forced by a British naval blockade to accept a treaty abolishing the slave trade, although this was evaded in practice. From the 1. 84. 0s onward Gezo promoted the export of palm oil, produced by slave labour on royal plantations, as a substitute for the declining slave trade. The French conquest and colonial rule. During the 1. 7th century several of the European nations engaged in the Atlantic slave trade maintained trading factories in the Dahomey area, and during the 1. Cultural Geography Student Activities Manual MosaicosCultural Geography Student Activities Manual NakamaEnglish, French, and Portuguese all possessed fortified posts in Ouidah. The French first established a factory in Allada in 1. Ouidah in 1. 67. 1. Although this factory was abandoned in the 1. French built a fort (known as Fort Saint Louis) in Ouidah in 1. The European forts in Ouidah were, however, all abandoned about the end of the 1. French establishment being withdrawn in 1. In 1. 84. 2 the French fort at Ouidah was reoccupied as a base for the new trade in palm oil, and in 1. French government negotiated a commercial treaty with King Gezo of Dahomey. Subsequently fears of preemption by British colonial expansion led to the extension of formal French rule in the area. A protectorate was briefly established over the kingdom of Porto- Novo in 1. Treaties purporting to secure cession of the port of Cotonou, between Ouidah and Porto- Novo, were also negotiated with the Dahomean authorities in 1. Cotonou was not actually occupied until 1. King Behanzin, who had succeeded to the Dahomean throne in 1. French claim to Cotonou, provoking the French invasion and conquest of Dahomey in 1. Behanzin was then deposed and exiled, and the kingdom of Dahomey became a French protectorate. French ambitions to extend their control into the interior, north of Dahomey, were threatened by the rival expansionism of the British, who were established in what was to become their colony of Nigeria to the east, and in 1. British and French negotiated treaties of protection with the kingdom of Nikki. The Anglo- French convention of 1. French and British spheres, conceding Nikki to the former. The boundary with the German colony of Togo to the west was settled by the Franco- German conventions of 1. The present frontiers of Benin were established in 1. French colonies of Upper Volta and Niger were delimited. The colony was at first called Benin (from the Bight of Benin, not the precolonial kingdom of Benin, which is in Nigeria), but in 1. Dahomey, after the recently incorporated kingdom. From 1. 90. 4 Dahomey formed part of the federation of French West Africa, under the governor- general in Senegal. Descendants of Portuguese settlers, freed slaves returning from Portuguese colonies in the Americas (called Br. It was created an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1. August 1, 1. 96. 0. During the period of decolonization, the nationalist movement in Dahomey became fragmented, with the emergence of three regionally based political parties—led by Sourou- Migan Apithy (president in 1. Justin Ahomad. After independence in 1. The ensuing instability resulted in six successful military coups d’. In a last military coup, on October 2. Major (later General) Mathieu K. The country was renamed the People’s Republic of Benin in 1. The late 1. 98. 0s and early 1. Benin. The first multiparty elections were held in 1. K. Unfortunately, the feeling among many Beninese was that economic progress came at too great a cost to the country—the disregard for democratization and the social well- being of its citizens—and Soglo’s support slipped. In the 1. 99. 6 presidential election, Soglo was defeated by K. Workers went on strike several times in the late 1. Corruption was also an issue K. The new president focused on economic development as well as the elimination of government corruption. Yayi was the target of an assassination attempt one year later, from which he emerged unscathed. Benin’s 2. 01. 1 presidential election was twice postponed because of complications with efforts to register all eligible voters. When the election was finally held, on March 1. Amid the lingering concerns, Yayi won reelection with slightly more than 5. Legislative elections were held the next month, with parties that supported Yayi, including the Cauri Forces for an Emerging Benin (Forces Cauris pour un B. In October 2. 01. Yayi that had allegedly been masterminded by his former ally, businessman Patrice Talon. Later that year, Talon fled to France. The next year, in March, police announced that they had foiled a planned coup. Talon was implicated in that plot as well. The reason for the rift between the two men was not entirely clear; Talon claimed that the two had fallen out over Yayi’s desire for a third term as president, which would violate the constitution, while the president claimed that Talon was upset that he had lost valuable government contracts. In 2. 01. 4, after international mediation efforts, Yayi pardoned Talon and others involved in plotting against him. Meanwhile, the question of whether Yayi was maneuvering for a third term, in spite of the constitution’s limiting of presidents to two terms, came to the fore in 2. He stressed that his proposed changes would help combat corruption and vehemently denied that they would include an amendment that would let him stand for a third term, but the opposition continued to rally against that possibility. In July a movement against a third term for Yayi, called Red Wednesday, began a series of weekly marches to show opposition to amending the constitution, as well as to express discontent with the general state of affairs in Benin. Yayi’s efforts to amend the constitution that year and the next failed, and, after the FCBE failed to win an absolute majority in the 2. The first round of the 2. March 6. With Yayi stepping down, there were more than 3. Among the front- runners were Talon, who had returned to Benin after his pardon, and the country’s prime minister, Lionel Zinsou, who was the flag bearer of the FCBE. Zinsou garnered the most votes, 2. He and his closest challenger—Talon, who had won 2. March 2. 0. Talon, who had the support of most of the candidates eliminated in the first round, emerged victorious, taking about 6. History/Geography/Social Studies - Product Browse. All > History/Geography/Social Studies Showing Products: (1 to 2. Click product title for description and product reviews. Page 1 of 3. 78 Jump to page: (1) 2. Next. End. Click product title for product reviews, where available. Page 1 of 3. 78 Jump to page: (1) 2. Patch the Pirate Play - June 1. This was a Patch the Pirate Play recoreded live at Thrifthaven Baptist Church on June 1. The Pirate Bay Search Torrents . Preferences Languages. All Audio Video Applications Games. In Pirate Game Pirate Storm. Pirate Game Pirate Storm will knock the eye patch clean off your head with its non-stop action. Included with Prime CDs & Vinyl Digital Music Store Open Web Player MP3 cart Amazon Music Apps Settings. Sticky soles THIS PAGE IS A CONVERTED HTML PAGE TO ENABLE OUR FORUMS TO APPEAR IN THE SEARCH ENGINES PLEASE VISIT. 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USB - Wikipedia. Universal Serial Bus (USB)Certified USB logo. Type. Bus. Production history. Designer. Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel. Designed. January 1. Produced. Since May 1. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB oscilloscopes & mixed signal oscilloscopes. You can decode serial data on all analog and digital channels simultaneously. Each PCB supports a data transfer rate up to. Serial UART interface. Entire USB protocol handled by the electronics. USB to RS485 UART Serial Converter PCB Datasheet Version 1.2. Data communication (1) 1 General Overview 1.1 USB Background 1.2 I2C Background 1.3 SPI Background 1.4 MDIO. Beagle Protocol Analyzer User Manual. This condition informs all the slave devices to listen on the serial data line for their. Also, there are 5 modes of USB data transfer, in order of increasing bandwidth: Low Speed (from 1. Full Speed (from 1. High Speed (from 2. Super. Speed (from 3. Super. Speed+ (from 3. USB devices have some choice of implemented modes, and USB version is not a reliable statement of implemented modes. Modes are identified by their names and icons, and the specifications suggests that plugs and receptacles be colour- coded (Super. Speed is identified by blue). Unlike other data buses (e. Ethernet, HDMI), USB connections are directed, with both upstream and downstream ports emanating from a single host. This applies to electrical power, with only downstream facing ports providing power; this topology was chosen to easily prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment. Thus, USB cables have different ends: A and B, with different physical connectors for each. Therefore, in general, each different format requires four different connectors: a plug and receptacle for each of the A and B ends. USB cables have the plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computers or electronic devices. In common practice, the A end is usually the standard format, and the B side varies over standard, mini, and micro. The mini and micro formats also provide for USB On- The- Go with a hermaphroditic AB receptacle, which accepts either an A or a B plug. On- the- Go allows USB between peers without discarding the directed topology by choosing the host at connection time; it also allows one receptacle to perform double duty in space- constrained applications. All aspects of USB 3.1 receiver testing. This primer is designed to help you understand the common aspects of serial data transmission and to explain the analog and digital measurement requirements that apply to these. 1 USB Overview This course serves. USB low level data transfer USB protocol structure USB chapter 9 structure Enumeration Standard classes Firmware example Silicon Labs solutions. Pixy receives data via pin 1. It also outputs whether an object is detected or not as a digital signal (pin 1 of the I/O. There are cables with A plugs on both ends, which may be valid if the cable includes, for example, a USB host- to- host transfer device with 2 ports, but they could also be non- standard and erroneous and should be used carefully. The standard and mini connectors have a design lifetime of 1,5. The micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind, so have a design life of 1. Likewise, the springy component of the retention mechanism, parts that provide required gripping force, were also moved into plugs on the cable side. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel. The first widely used version of USB was 1. September 1. 99. 8. The 1. 2 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher- speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1. Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Hewlett- Packard, Intel, Lucent Technologies (now Alcatel- Lucent), NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, with the resulting specification achieving 4. Mbit/s, a 4. 0- times increase over the original USB 1. The USB 3. 0 specification was published on 1. November 2. 00. 8. Its main goals were to increase the data transfer rate (up to 5 Gbit/s), decrease power consumption, increase power output, and be backward compatible with USB 2. It did not allow for extension cables or pass- through monitors, due to timing and power limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until USB 1. August 1. 99. 8, fixing problems identified in 1. USB 1. 1 was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to Legacy- free PCs. Due to bus access constraints, the effective throughput of the High Speed signaling rate is limited to 2. Mbit/s or 3. 5 MB/s. The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2. USB. org. Also receptacle that accepts both plugs for On- The- Go. These should not be confused with Micro- B plug and receptacle. Pull- up/Pull- down Resistors ECN: Released in May 2. Interface Associations ECN: Released in May 2. New standard descriptor was added that allows associating multiple interfaces with a single device function. Rounded Chamfer ECN: Released in October 2. A recommended, backward compatible change to Mini- B plugs that results in longer lasting connectors. Unicode ECN: Released in February 2. This ECN specifies that strings are encoded using UTF- 1. SERIAL DIGITAL INTERFACE Fig. 1: Possible Communication Configuration Power ON. Principles of I2C protocol Valid data. The following example is valid if the HYGROSENS USB Interface in conjunction with a.LE. USB 2. 0 specified Unicode, but did not specify the encoding. Inter- Chip USB Supplement: Released in March 2. On- The- Go Supplement 1. Released in December 2. USB On- The- Go makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate USB host. 2.2.1 USB - Universal Serial Bus Type Devices. 2.2.2 SRL/BT - Serial Communication Protocol and Wireless Driver. Data Acquisition 4.3 Digital Inputs/Outputs. Content Security Devices Content Security Method 5. Authentication Protocol USB Requests HDCP2.1 requires four USB requests to transfer the Authentication. In practice, one of the USB devices acts as a host for the other device. Battery Charging Specification 1. Released in March 2. April 2. 00. 9. Adds support for dedicated chargers (power supplies with USB connectors), host chargers (USB hosts that can act as chargers) and the No Dead Battery provision, which allows devices to temporarily draw 1. A current after they have been attached. If a USB device is connected to a dedicated charger, maximum current drawn by the device may be as high as 1. A. Device in this state is not required to reduce its power consumption. However, switching between enabled and sleep states is much faster than switching between enabled and suspended states, which allows devices to sleep while idle. Battery Charging Specification 1. Super. Speed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles. The new Super. Speed mode provides a data signaling rate of 5. Gbit/s. However, due to the overhead incurred by 8b/1. Gbit/s. However, this should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full- duplex in Super. Speed transfer mode; earlier modes are half- duplex, arbitrated by the host. The USB 3. 1 specification takes over the existing USB 3. Super. Speed USB transfer rate, also referred to as USB 3. Gen 1, and introduces a faster transfer rate called Super. Speed USB 1. 0 Gbps, also referred to as USB 3. Gen 2. The new mode's logo features a caption stylized as SUPERSPEED+. The USB 3. 1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 1. Gbit/s, double that of Super. Speed USB, and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 1. Adapters and cables with a Type- C receptacle are not allowed. USB Type- C devices also support power currents of 1. A and 3. 0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 9. A; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC- coded configuration line and legacy BFSK- coded VBUS line. Alternate Mode dedicates some of the physical wires in the Type- C cable for direct device- to- host transmission of alternate data protocols. The four high- speed lanes, two sideband pins, and. The modes are configured using VDMs through the configuration channel. System design. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 1. 27 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built- in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built- in hub that connects to the physical USB cable. A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1- to- 1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 3. IN, 1. 6 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called . A message pipe is bi- directional and is used for control transfers. Message pipes are typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and a status response, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0. A stream pipe is a uni- directional pipe connected to a uni- directional endpoint that transfers data using an isochronous. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni- directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi- directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and is not associated with any interface. A single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device. A composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device address to a function. When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7- bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices. The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. Beagle Protocol Analyzer User Manual – Total Phase. General Overview. USB Background. 1. USB History. Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a standard interface for connecting peripheral devices to a host computer. The USB system was originally devised by a group of companies including Compaq, Digital Equipment, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and Northern Telecom to replace the existing mixed connector system with a simpler architecture. USB was designed to replace the multitude of cables and connectors required to connect peripheral devices to a host computer. The main goal of USB was to make the addition of peripheral devices quick and easy. All USB devices share some key characteristics to make this possible. All USB devices are self- identifying on the bus. All devices are hot- pluggable to allow for true Plug'n'Play capability. Additionally, some devices can draw power from the USB which eliminates the need for extra power adapters. To ensure maximum interoperability the USB standard defines all aspects of the USB system from the physical layer (mechanical and electrical) all the way up to the software layer. The USB standard is maintained and enforced by the USB Implementers Forum (USB- IF). USB devices must pass a USB- IF compliance test in order to be considered in compliance and to be able to use the USB logo. USB 1. 0 was first introduced in 1. USB 1. 1. In 2. 00. USB 2. 0 was released and has since become the de facto standard for connecting devices to computers and beyond. In 2. 00. 8, the USB specification was expanded with USB 3. Super. Speed USB. USB 3. 0 represents a significant change in the underlying operation of USB. To simplify the experience for the user, USB 3. USB 2. 0. USB 3. 0 specification include a number of significant changes including: Higher data transfer rate (up to 5 Gbps)Increased bus power and current draw. Improved power management. Full duplex data communications. Link Training and Status State Machine (LTSSM)Interrupt driven, instead of polling. Streaming interface for more efficient data transfers. As of 2. 01. 0, the USB standard specifies different flavors of USB: low- speed, full- speed, high- speed, and Super. Speed. USB- IF has also released additional specs that expand the breadth of USB. These are On- The- Go (OTG) and Wireless USB. Although beyond the scope of this document, details on these specs can be found on the USB- IF website. Architectural Overview. USB is a host- scheduled, token- based serial bus protocol. USB allows for the connection of up to 1. USB host controller. A host PC can have multiple host controllers which increases the maximum number of USB devices that can be connected to a single computer. Devices can be connected and disconnected at will. The host PC is responsible for installing and uninstalling drivers for the USB devices on an as- needed basis. A single USB system comprises of a USB host and one or more USB devices. There can also be zero or more USB hubs in the system. A USB hub is special class of device. The hub allows the connection of multiple downstream devices to an upstream host or hub. In this way, the number of devices that can be physically connected to a computer can be increased. A USB device is a peripheral device that connects to the host PC. The range of functionality of USB devices is ever increasing. The device can support either one function or many functions. For example a single multi- function printer may present several devices to the host when it is connected via USB. It can present a printer device, a scanner device, a fax device, etc. All the devices on a single USB must share the bandwidth that is available on the bus. It is possible for a host PC to have multiple buses which would all have their own separate bandwidth. Most often, the ports on most motherboards are paired, such that each bus has two downstream ports. Figure 1 : Sample USB Bus Topology. A USB can only have a single USB host device. This host can support up to 1. There is an upper limit of 7 tiers of devices which means that a maximum of 5 hubs can be connected inline. The USB has a tiered star topology (Figure 1 ). At the root tier is the USB host. All devices connect to the host either directly or via a hub. According to the USB spec, a USB host can only support a maximum of seven tiers. USB 2. 0 Specific Architecture Figure 2 : USB Broadcast A USB 2. Low- speed and high- speed enabled devices will only see traffic at their respective speeds. Full- speed devices can see both their speed and low- speed traffic. USB 2. 0 works through a unidirectional broadcast system. When a host sends a packet, all downstream devices will see that traffic. If the host wishes to communicate with a specific device, it must include the address of the device in the token packet. Upstream traffic (the response from devices) are only seen by the host or hubs that are directly on the return path to the host. There are, however, a few caveats when dealing with devices that are of different speeds. Low- speed and high- speed devices are isolated from traffic at speeds other then their own. They will only see traffic that is at their respective speeds. Referring to Figure 2, this means that downstream traffic to device H1 will be seen by device H2 (and vice versa). Also, downstream traffic to device L1 will be seen by L2 (and vice versa). However, full- speed devices can see traffic at its own speed, as well as low- speed traffic, using a special signaling mode dubbed low- speed- over- full- speed. This means that downstream traffic to F1 will be seen by F2 (and vice versa) with standard full- speed signaling, and downstream traffic to either L1 or L2 will also be seen by both F1 and F2 through the special low- speed- over- full- speed signaling. USB 3. 0 Specific Architecture. USB 3. 0 marks a significant change from the existing USB infrastructure and affects the protocol at nearly all levels. The major features of USB 3. For detailed information please consult the USB specifications from the USB- IF. USB 3. 0 Physical Interface. Due to limitations of the differential signaling of USB 2. Gbps data communications, the physical interface has been upgraded. In addition to the normal USB 2. USB 3. 0 cables and connectors have two additional pairs of differential signals: one pair for transmit and one pair for receive, as seen in Figure 3. Figure 3 : USB 3. Cable Cross- section of a USB 3. Image courtesy of USB Implementers Forum. These two additional pairs allow for full- duplex communication over USB 3. Since the original USB 2. USB 2. 0 communications can occur in parallel to USB 3. USB 3. 0 Power. Many of the key changes in USB 3. USB devices. USB 3. Power Distribution. The amount of power available to USB devices has been increased in USB 3. For unconfigured devices, 1. A of power is available, compared with only 1. A of power in USB 2. A is considered one unit load. Configured devices are able to draw up to 6 unit loads, or 9. A, a significant increase from the 5. A available in USB 2. The added power allows for a broader range of devices to be bus- powered. USB 3. 0 Power Management. USB 3. 0 provides better power management facilities to use power more efficiently, and to help reduce overall power consumption. Link- level power management allows the host or device to initiate a transition to a lower- level power state. There are three low power states available that are shown in Figure 4. In USB 3. 0, there is no longer periodic device polling and packets are no longer broadcast on the bus. It is now possible for devices to enter low- power states when idle in USB 3. Low- power levels are configurable on the device level and the function level. A device can suspend all or some of this functionality when it is idle, therefore reducing its power consumption. With Latency Tolerance Messaging, devices can report their latency tolerance to the host, allowing the host system to enter lower power states without negatively affecting the USB devices on the bus. USB 3. 0 Physical Layer. In USB 3. 0, the physical layer specifies the electrical characteristics of Super. Speed USB signals how information is scrambled and encoded, and special signal sequences used by other layers. Here is a brief overview of some of the new technologies specific to Super. Speed USB. Receiver Termination. USB 3. 0 receivers terminate the transmission line by placing a small resistor to ground. Transmitters will check for this termination resistor on the receiver as a way for detecting the presence of a USB 3. Data Scrambling. The physical layer uses bit scrambling to reduce electrical interference problems on the lines. However, it is possible for a transmitter to disable this feature. Disparity is kept low by taking advantage of the increased number space that 1. Since all the 8b values would only take a subset of the 1. Often times, two different 1. The 1. 0b symbol that is chosen to be sent will minimize the existing disparity on the line, with the goal of having a net 5. For example, if a line has a running disparity of +2 1s, the next symbol on the line will have a bit pattern that has more 0s. In addition, the increased number space allows for the use of certain control symbols, called K symbols which do not map to any 8b data value. USB 3. 0 uses these control symbols for a number of purposes including: packet framing, elastic buffer mitigation, and data scrambler control. Training Sequences. To accomodate for the various signaling characteristics of all manufactured transmitters, cables, and connectors, Super. Speed receivers must be trained upon connection to a transmitter. This training sequence helps configure the receiver equalization, polairty, and data scrambler in order to establish a successful communications link. Spread Spectrum Clocking. Super. Speed USB employs spread spectrum clocking on its signaling. There are a lot of different opinions in regard to how to make a good header, and some aren’t quite sure about the design that needs to go into making one. When in doubt, there are a variety of great options to explore in the world of templates. 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